课程短文

To minimize traffic jams in the city center and on major roads out of Sydney...

为了减少悉尼市中心和主要道路的交通堵塞......to minimize ... 是动词不定式短语位于句首作目的状语。例如：To learn English well, we should often practice listening, speaking, reading and writing. 为了学好英语，我们应该常练习听、说、读、写。

You must apply for approval to do roadwork and other road-related activities ...

你只有在申请获批后，才能进行道路施工及与道路有关的活动......apply for（正式）申请，求（职），要求（工作等）。例如：Over two hundred people applied for the job.有超过200人申请了这份工作。road-related与道路有关的。这是名词与动词的过去分词一起构成的新形容词。又如：street-based街头的，man-made人造的。

Please note that approval is needed if you plan to block the road or footpath.

请注意，如果计划封锁道路或人行道，是需要获得批准才能进行的。note注意。这里是动词。例如：Please note that you don't need to respond directly to this message. 请注意，你不必直接回复此信息。Suddenly, I noted that the car had stopped. 突然，我注意到车子已经停了。

Applications to have a road closed to traffic must be completed and sent to the Department's Traffic Calming Committee at least a month before the scheduled date.

道路交通封闭申请必须在离预定日期至少一个月之前提交给政府交通稳静化委员会。这句话的主语是Applications, 谓语是must be completed and sent ...。to have a road closed to traffic是不定式短语作定语，修饰applications。例如：He bought a magazine to read during the long journey. 他买了一本杂志在长途旅行中阅读。Traffic Calming交通稳静化，是道路设计中减速技术的总称，即通过道路系统的硬设施（如物理措施等）及软设施（如政策、立法、技术标准等）降低机动车对居民生活质量及环境产生的负面影响。

Any change of traffic flow will require the proposal to be treated as a full road closure.

以任何方式改变交通流量都被视为全面封路，需要提交申请。该句中，动词不定式短语to be treated as a full road closure用作宾语补足语。例如：He wanted the job to be done as soon as possible.他希望工作尽快完成。

Choosing an existing route reduces the amount of planning you will need to do.

选择一条现有的（游行等）线路，会使你要做的准备工作减少很多。动名词短语choosing an existing route在句中作主语。例如：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 阅读使人充实，谈论使人机智，写作使人精确。